SARS-CoV-2 Liability: The Hidden Mystery Behind Its Presentation in Children.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now of global concern because of its rapid dissemination across the globe. It is unclear whether COVID-19 is as hazardous as previous coronavirus outbreaks, though there are many overlapping similarities between these viruses. An important similar feature includes the virus's pathogenicity in pediatric populations. Additionally, genetic factors are recognized as important contributors to infectious disease susceptibility. Further understanding of this area can help make sense of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the varying clinical spectrums of the disease. The available data suggests that COVID-19 most likely produces mild symptoms in a healthy pediatric population regardless of their age, and recovery appears to occur without serious sequelae in the vast majority. However, the available data regarding the detailed repercussions of COVID-19 in children is very limited. To date, only some theoretical issues could be responsible for the COVID-19 susceptibility in pediatric patients, including a more intact but mature immune system within the respiratory system, possible role of viral interference in pediatric populations that are more often infected with common respiratory viruses, possible role of gut-lung axis, and a respiratory system with different amounts of cellular receptors for COVID-19 virus. Moreover, there is little data available on the genetic risk factors for COVID-19, and future research should aim to cover this gap in knowledge. This chapter aims to summarize the recently published data on the impact of COVID-19 in the pediatric population and to systematically review the available evidence of genetic risk factors for COVID-19.

The Chance of COVID-19 Infection after Vaccination.

The outbreak of COVID-19 that was first reported in Wuhan, China, has constituted a new emerging epidemic that has spread around the world. There are some reports illustrating the patients getting re-infected after recovering from COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of the biphasic cycle of COVID-19, genetic diversity, immune response, and a chance of reinfection after recovering from COVID-19. The new generation of COVID-19 is a highly contagious and pathogenic infection that can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Whilst most patients suffer from a mild form of the disease, there is a rising concern that patients who recover from COVID-19 may be at risk of reinfection. The proportion of the infected population is increasing worldwide; meanwhile, the rate and concern of reinfection by the recovered population are still high. Moreover, there is little evidence on the chance of COVID-19 infection even after vaccination, which is around one percent or less. Although the hypothesis of zero reinfections after vaccination has not been clinically proven, further studies should be performed on the recovered class in clusters to study the progression of the exposure with the re-exposed subpopulations to estimate the possibilities of reinfection and, thereby, advocate the use of these antibodies for vaccine creation.

A Mini Review on the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, associated with high morbidity and mortality, and represents a significant public health crisis worldwide. Despite recent efforts for developing novel antiviral agents, no specific drugs are approved for the management and treatment of COVID-19. The immune responses to viral infection followed by cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome are serious issues that may cause death in patients with severe COVID-19. Therefore, developing a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of COVID-19 is urgently needed to control the virus spread and to improve the patient survival rate and clinical outcomes. In this mini-review, we summarize the symptoms, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches currently being used to manage the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Vaccines based on virus-like nano-particles for use against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.

Recent advances in virus-like nanoparticles against Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can initiate vaccine production faster for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while ensuring the safety, easy administration, and long-term effects. Patients with this viral pathogen suffer from excess mortality. MERS-CoV can spread through bioaerosol transmission from animal or human sources. The appearance of an outbreak in South Korea sparked off a strong urge to design strategies for developing an effective vaccine since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. Well unfortunately, this is an important fact in virus risk management. The studies showed that virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) could be effective in its goal of stopping the symptoms of MERS-CoV infection. Besides, due to the genetic similarities in the DNA sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and the first identified severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China since 2002/2003, strategic approaches could be used to manage SARS-CoV 2. Gathering the vital piece of information obtained so far could lead to a breakthrough in the development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, which is prioritized and focussed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on the virus-like nanoparticle that got successful results in animal models of MERS-CoV.